Gandhi The Leader Of The Indian Nationalist Movement

Gandhi Gandhi was the leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule at the turn of the twentieth century, and is widely considered the father of his country. His doctrine of non-violent protest to achieve political and social progress, and struggles against oppression have been greatly influential globally. He travelled to South Africa as a young law graduate, and returned to India as Mahatma, the ‘great-souled one’. â€Å"Victory attained by violence is tantamount to a defeat, for it is momentary† – Gandhi. Awards: Time magazine’s ‘Person of the Year’ (1930) Time magazine’s ‘Person of the Century’ runner-up (1999) Timeline: 1869 – On October 2, Mohandas Mahatma (meaning the great-souled one) Karamchand Gandhi was born in Porbandor (Sudamapuri), Gujarat, Indonesia. He had three elder siblings, two brothers and one sister. His mother, Putlibai, is considered to have had a great religious influence on Mohandas from childhood. Gandhi was born into a Hindu family and the privileged merchant caste, and received moderate education. He attended primary and middle school in Porbandor, and attended high school in Rajkot, Gujarat. He was considered a mediocre student, not outstanding academically or physically, but was shown to have deep understanding of principles of truth and discipline from a young age. 1883 - At age 13 in May, Mahatma married Kasturbai Makhanji (age 14), in a customary arranged child marriage. 1885 – Gandhi’s father Karamchand Gandhiji, theShow MoreRelatedBritish Imperialism in India Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagesthe leadership had spent their early years in England. They were influenced by British thought, British ideas, that is why our leaders were always telling the British How can you do these things? Theyre against your own basic values.. We had no hatred, in fact it was the other way round - it was their values that made us revolt. br-Aruna Asaf Ali, a leader of the Indian National Congress. br(Masani, quoted in Wood, 32, 1989) br brThere is no doubt that British imperialism had a large impactRead MoreEssay about Gandhi and his passive Resistace to Great Britain in War I1040 Words   |  5 PagesMohandas Gandhi nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as mahatma Gandhi, was a Indian nationalist leader, who established his countrys freedom through a nonviolent revolution. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gandhi became a leader in a difficult struggle, the Indian campaign for home rule. He believed and dedicated his life to demonstrating that both individuals and nations owe it to themselves to stay free, and to allow the same freedom to others. Gandhi was one ofRead MoreIndependence Of Indi Mahatma Gandhi1041 Words   |  5 Pageswere many Indian nationalists who had wriggled against the British, who had seized the whole country of India. On the one hand, nationalists were extremists, who had fought against the British army and sacrifice their lives for the country, while on the other hand, there were modernists, who had made peaceful and non-violent movements against British. These events were marked as of prominence importance in the history. One of the greatest examples of nationalists in India was Mahatma Gandhi, a modernistRead MoreMahatma Gandhi Speech1443 Words   |  6 PagesMohan Das Gandhi was one of the greatest leaders of Indian independence movement. His full name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He was given the title of â€Å"Mahatma†. Mahatma means great soul. He was given the honorific title Bapu (Father). He was also called the Father of the Indian nation. Mahatma Gandhi was bor n on October 2, 1969. People in India celebrate October 2nd as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday. He was born and raised in a Hindu Merchant caste family in Porbandar, Gujarat. Gandhi belongedRead MoreGandhi : Gandhi And Essence Of His Movement1613 Words   |  7 PagesSecular Gandhi and Essence of his movement in Revolutionizing Congress Mahatma Gandhi was a political and spiritual leader, though not in a religious sense. He was a religious person but believed that all religions were equal and did not advocate on religion over another. Gandhi was born in 1869 in Porbandar on the Western coast of India and raised by Hindu parents, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi found many opportunities in his youth to meet people of all faiths. He had many Christian and Muslim friendsRead MoreNationalist Movements of the Middle East and South Asia after WW11065 Words   |  5 PagesThe years after World War One brought about vast changes to many parts of the world. Places like South Asia and the Middle East were able to see the need for self government away from foreign control. This sparked a number of nationalist movements during the 1920’s and 1930’s. The Middle East had to Westernize to rid foreign control while India had to be united under non-violence and Hindu values. Before WW1, the Middle East was dominated by outside powers. Egypt was under British controlRead MoreIndian Nationalsim Essay648 Words   |  3 PagesIndian Nationalsim Indian nationalism was not a simple unification of Indians against colonial rule. There were many complexities involved in forming an organization that sought to speak on behalf of the people, and many of these challenges were posed to the Indian National Congress because their leadership consisted of the Hindu elite. In 1885, the Indian National Congress was formed through the initiative of Allen Octavian Hume, and it quickly became the chief organization representingRead More Martin Luther King’s Ethic of Love 1144 Words   |  5 PagesCivil Rights Movement of African-Americans is the movement in the United States as an attempt to terminate racial discrimination and prejudice against African-Americans Southern states. Martin Luther King, Jr. was one of the great leaders of this movement because his ideals proved to be powerful enough to eventually bring victory. One of King’s strongest strategies was his â€Å"ethic of love.† This ethic was based on of his Christian beliefs and the teachings of the leader Gandhi. Gandhi had practicedRead MoreMahatma Gandhi : The First War Of Indian Independence1096 Words   |  5 PagesMahatma Gandhi was one with the greatest soul who was a freedom fighter, father of the nation and he was called ‘Bapu’ in the India. He to ok India to a totally new level by employing movements like non-violence, civil disobedience and civil rights during India’s freedom struggle with the British. He was fasting for purification, and respect for all religions. The British government rule in India under crown rule, ending a century of control of the East India Company. The life and death struggleRead MoreMohandas Gandhi and Nelson Mandela746 Words   |  3 PagesTwo of the most famous leaders Mohandas Gandhi in India and Nelson Mandela in African. There are many notable peacemakers who are famous in recent history. Mohandas Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 and Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918. One many have heard about, and the other some might not have heard about. However, they both are well known for many of their good deeds. This essay will show how much the two leaders are different and similar. Mohandas Gandhi was born in Porbandar, India

An Essay on the Contract Between Fair Work Australia...

AN ESSAY ON THE CONTRACT BETWEEN FAIR WORK AUSTRALIA LEGISLATION AND WORKCHOICE, 2010 Prepared for: Dr. Shalene Werth Submitted:12 November 2010 Prepared by Li Chenyi Differentiation between Fair Work Australia and WorkChoice Fair Work Australia Fair Work Australia (FWA) is the new government industrial relations institution established by the Rudd Government s Fair Work Act 2009. It replaced WorkChoice act on 1 July 2009. This essay will compare and contrast FWA and WorkChoice from the theory of unitarism and pluralism. And discuss the transition of industrial relation system of Australia based on these two legislations. In 2007, the Australia Labor Party (ALP) came to power, and then, the Rudd Government legislated†¦show more content†¦Finally if employer is find illegal on unfair dismissal. It may order reinstatement or the payment of compensation up to 26 week’s pay (to a maximum of $54150) to the employee if reinstatement would be inappropriate in the given circumstances (Loudoun, 2009, p80). Mark Phillips (2009) stated that â€Å"All workers have protection after a six month qualifying period (12 months for small businesses with 15 full-time equivalent staff or less)† and â€Å"The exemption from unfair dismissal when sackings occur for ‘operational reasons’ will be removed. This was seen as the major improvement on WorkChoices. By contrast, under WorkChoice Laws the coverage of the unfair dismissal laws was as less as to only business employing more than 100 employees (Loudoun, 2009, p79). So this law leads to that more unfair treatment of employees when th ey were dismissed as indicated by the decline of unfair dismissal application to the Industrial Relation Commission of NSW (IRC of NSW 2006, p.11) and the AIRC (AIRC 2007). Rudd government retained the restriction of union right of entry to workplaces, and restrictions on workers right to strike (Ross Gittins, 2007), But union right of entry under Fair Work Australia is wider than of WorkChoice, FWA deals with the ‘right of entry’ disputes regarding officials of a trade union in accordanceShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to Large Scale Organizations18988 Words   |  76 Pagesenabling groups of people to work in a planned and coordinate way to achieve a common goal or objective Classifying LSO s *Number of employee s exceeds 200 (according to the ABS) *Revenue (gross income) is in the millions of dollars *Total assets or market capitalisation (no. of shares x share value) is over $200 million *Profit after tax is still in the millions *Extent of operations (multinational or transnational) *Management structure (there must be a clear distinction between the owners and managers)

Treat Your Children Well free essay sample

This paper presents a theoretical discussion about who killed the King of Macedonia, Philip II. This six-page paper presents a theoretical discussion about who killed the King of Macedonia, Philip II. The writer moves to explore an idea and theory that is out of the ordinary but still one that has been debated for many years. The history books tell us that Macedonia had a king named Philip the second. We have learned that he was not only a shrewd man, a great strategist but that he was assassinated as well. When looking for the person to blame for his death it is easy to point to the man who actually killed him. That was his right hand man and guard. He went down in history as the person who actually murdered the king. While this fact is not in dispute it does not paint the total picture about how the King died. We will write a custom essay sample on Treat Your Children Well or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Over the years many theorists have put together an idea about the Kings son, Alexander the Great. After much deliberation there seems to be a group of experts and laymen who believe someone else did the dirty work but it was Alexander himself who arranged the killing.

Magnesium Lab free essay sample

Heat the crucible using a high flame for about 5 minutes to drive out any impurities they may be in the crucible. Allow to cool for 10 minutes. Using the tongs, place the crucible and cover onto a fiber pad and record the mass of the crucible and cover with the scale. Record your data. Clean a 25cm long ribbon of magnesium with a ball of steel wool. Coil up the ribbon of magnesium so that it will easily fit into the crucible. Record the mass of the crucible, cover, and magnesium. Place the crucible with the substance in it on top of the triangle pipe stem. Place the cover ajar to allow the flow of oxygen inside the crucible. Heat it gently for 2 minutes, then under high heat, heat it up for another 10 minutes. Allow to cool for 10 minutes. Place the crucible, cover, and contents onto a fiber pad. Record the mass. We will write a custom essay sample on Magnesium Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Repeat 11-16. If the difference between mass measurements in less than 0. 01g. record the mass as the constant mass. If the mass is greater than 0. 01g, repeat steps 11-16 until the measurements differ by 0. 01g or less. Record this in your data table as the constant mass. Put the remains of the substance into a hazardous waste container. Calculations: Mass of MG reacted| 0. 43g. | Moles of MG reacted| 0. 017g/mol| Mass of product| 0. 67g. | Mass of oxygen reacted| 0. 24g. | Moles of oxygen reacted| 0. 015mol. | Experimental molar ratio: MG to O| 3:2| Accepted molar ratio: MG to O | 1:1| Percentage error| 1. 033| Post- Lab Questions: 1. What three types of information are used to find an empirical formula from percentage composition data? Answer in complete sentences. You must know the percent composition of each individual element, the molar mass of each element, and you must know the smallest number of moles of a given group of elements. 2. What is the relationship between the empirical and molecular formula of a compound? Answer in complete sentences. They both can show the composition of each element in a compound. 3. Calculate the empirical formula for this salt: 56. 58% K, 8. 68% C, and 34. 73% O. K 1/39*56. 58=1. 45/. 72=2 Empirical Formula= K2CO3 C 1/12*8. 68=. 72/. 72=1 O 1/16*34. 73=2. 17/. 72=3 4. What is the simplest formula of a substance of 27. 3g of C and 72. 7g of O? C 1/12*27. 3=2. 275/2. 275=1 Empirical Formula= CO2 O 1/16*72. 7=4. 543/2. 275=2 5. When you heated the magnesium in this experiment, the mass went up. Did this surprise you? Where did the mass come from? Answer in complete sentences. Yes, this did surprise me. I expected it to lose mass instead of gaining it considering when you burn something, it becomes smaller. The extra mass came from the oxygen in the air. It bonded with the magnesium atoms. Analysis and Conclusion: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the empirical formula of an oxide of ribbon. There was a set of three heatings. One to drive out impurities, one to heat the substance, and another to heat the substance again to see and differing results. We measured and recorded the masses after each heating. The goal of this lab was to observe how oxygen can bond with magnesium using extreme heat. The mass of the crucible, cover, and contents was 23. 22g. After the first heating, it became 23. 46g. After the second heating, it was the same as the first heating. Our percent error was 1. 033. There weren’t too many margins of error that I observed that occurred during this lab. The only mistakes I saw were that one of my group members touched the crucible with their hands, possibly adding to the mass of the crucible. Also, there may have been a slight error in time, however only by less than a minute.

Teen sex Essay Example For Students

Teen sex Essay Teenagers in the United States are experimenting with sexual activities more and more today than ever before. According to Charles Krauthammer, Sex oozes from every pore of the culture and theres not a kid in the world who can avoid it. (Meier, 1994, p. 7). Teenagers are surrounded by some sort of sexual connotations all the time. Whether it is television, radio, school, or even the Internet, teenagers are hearing the affects of sex on our society. The price that teenagers pay for being sexually active greatly outweighs any advantages. The period of puberty occurs somewhere between the ages of 10 and 14 for most but can vary for different people. Heredity, health problems, and emotional and physical stress can cause these variations. Teens begin to experiment with the opposite sex by hugging, kissing and other forms of sexual expression. People are capable of creating babies as soon as puberty begins. Teens also watch more television and listen to more music developing their own uniq ue personalities. According to one study, about 65,000 sexual acts or comments on prime-time television occur every year (Meier, 1994, p. 9). In the movies or on television, the actors and actresses make sex look easy, fun and glamorous. It appears to be something everyone is doing. On television shows like Dawsons Creek, sex is usually the major topic of the entire show. Whether it is guys and girls, guys and guys, girls and girls, or multiple persons of each sex, the sex act itself is a major conflict. Movies, such as Cruel Intentions, portray sex as a game. The main characters are placing bets on each other that one of them will have sex with some girl who is against the idea of premarital sex. That movie is rated R, but little kids were in there with their parents. Those types of movies are not meant for a young audience. Now those kids might end up having sex when they become teenagers. Those same teenagers might often be the ones that get pregnant. Teenage pregnancy happens so often that people hardly even recognize it anymore as a negative affect on our society. Experts estimate that the combination of lost tax revenues and increased spending on public assistance, child health care, foster care and the criminal justice system totals about $7 billion annually for births in teens. Despite a 20-year low in the teen pregnancy rate and an impressive decline in the teen birth rate, the United States still has the highest teen pregnancy rate of any industrialized country (Casey Foundation, 1996). Thats not saying a whole lot for our nation. In Kids Having Kids: A Robin Hood Foundation Special Report on the Costs of Adolescent Childbearing, researchers note, During her first 12 years of parenthood, the average adolescent mother receives income and food stamps valued at just over $17,000 annually Recent declines in pregnancy and birth rates, however, are encouraging. The rates keep dropping and are showing no signs of increase, yet. The rate of pregnancies has d ropped from a peak of 117 for every 1,000 young women ages 15 to 19 in 1990, to 101 in 1995. That 14 percent drop brought the rate to its lowest level since 1975 (Casey Foundation, 1996). Rather than deal with a pregnancy after the fact, more teenagers seem to be trying to prevent pregnancies. Teenagers are learning to better use contraceptives and are using them more frequently than before. Some teenagers are aware of the contraceptives available, but they just choose not to use them. Others may find it difficult and embarrassing to talk to their partners about birth control or contraceptives. Contraceptives such as the condom, Depo-Provera, diaphragm, IUD (intrauterine device), and the pill are effective more than 80% of the time. Some of those, more than 90%. Nine in 10 sexually active women and their partners use a contraceptive method, although not always consistently or correctly. About one in six teenage women practicing contraception combine two methods, primarily the condom with another method (Guttmacher, 1998). The only method effective 100% of the time is abstinence, which means not having sex at all. Although there are contraceptives, they only work so much percent of the time. The other percent of the time, they will fail and lead to a traumatic downfall for anyone involved. Many consequences are contributed to having sex as a teenager, and even as an adult. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are gaining more and more publicity. Every year 3 million teens-about 1 in 4 sexually experienced teens-acquire an STD (Guttmacher, 1998). The more common sexually transmitted diseases include HIV (caused by the AIDS virus), herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis and genital warts. Teens have higher rates of contracting gonorrhea than do sexually active men and women aged 20 to 44. Chlamydia is more common among teens than among older men and women; in some settings, 10-29% of sexually active teenage women and 10% of teenage men tested for STDs have been fo und to have chlamydia (Guttmacher, 1998). Along with the physical status of a sexually active teen, the emotional status can also be depleted. The emotional problems a teenager will feel after becoming sexually active can be overwhelming. Sometimes the stress from friends and family members becomes too much for a teenager to bear. This can often lead to suicide or beating of themselves to kill the baby and make it look like an accident. When a teenager first learns she is pregnant, she often will not tell anyone-not even the babys father-about her predicament (Meier, 1994, p. 21). Holding a secret that immense inside you causes great stress and emotional upset. The teenager may have intense feelings of fear, confusion and depression. In that case, it is a good idea for the girl to get help by talking to a counselor at school or a health clinic. Sooner or later, the pregnant teenager will have to face reality and make some tough choices. She will first have to decide whether or not t o have the baby. If she chooses to have the baby, she will have to decide whether to keep it herself or give it up for adoption. Pregnancy itself is usually a very uncomfortable situation. During the first few months, the pregnant woman will undergo many changes. Morning sickness, tiredness and sudden mood swings are just a few of these changes. Teenagers will most likely not want to go to school feeling like that. After a few months of skipping school and receiving poor grades, the student is most likely to drop out altogether. Every year, about 40,000 teenage girls drop out of high school because they are pregnant (Meier, 1994, p. 24). Many never go back. Young males who become fathers before the age of 20 often do not finish high school, making it more difficult to find a good job. The average woman who becomes a mother before the age of 18 earns about half as much money as the woman who has children at an older age, or has no child at all. One out of every three teenage mothers turns to welfare to make ends meet (Meier, 1994, p. 24). Because of those mothers, anyone with a job must pay the taxes to keep them on welfare instead of out on the streets. Jobs are too scarce for people with no experience in certain fields of work. Thirty or 40 years ago, it was fairly easy for young people to make lives for themselves after the pregnancy. But the American economy and kinds of jobs have changed. Now a high school graduate will qualify for only lowest paying jobs (Meier, 1994, p. 71). As a result of all these teenagers looking for jobs, the unemployment rates have gone down, and the employment rates have risen. However, teenagers who get the jobs are more likely going to be working at minimum wage, which can cause unemployment. According to the supply and demand curve of economics, higher wages increase the number of workers willing to work but decrease the number of workers employers will hire (Dallas Headquarters, 1997). Teenage parents or just plain teenagers f ind it difficult to work for minimum wage, and even more difficult to find an employer who will hire them. Some teenagers feel the need to turn to abortion as a way of solving their problems. I personally feel that abortion should not be accepted in any case other than rape, but thats not what this paper is about. About 23 states have passed anti-PBA (partial birth abortions) laws as of August of 1998 (Robinson, 1999). Illinois is among those 23. In some states, the legal age to have an abortion with no authorization is 17. That is too young to be deciding the life (or death) of an innocent human being. Another major concern for teenagers having sex is that some people feel that the teenager should have the right to choose what to do with their own bodies. They, as people of the United States, are loyal abiders of the Constitution as well as adults. The Constitution states that we have the freedoms of speech, religion, the press and assembly. Freedom of choice is in there, too. Teen agers might listen to the advice of adults and peers, but they have to be able to make their own decisions. If teens want to go out and have sex, then so be it. Nobody can really stop them. Sure, parents can lock them in their rooms or something worse, but a crafty teen will almost always find a way out. After a punishment like that, a teenager will often just run away from home. That is another issue. Teenagers sometimes are not the best at making their own decisions, especially when it comes to sex. Teenagers often worry that if they get married, then they can have sex all they want without any complaints. In Japan, the legal age to be married without a parents authorization is over 18 in males and over 16 in females (Kasumigaseki, 1997). It is probably not much different in the United States. Teenagers think that by getting married, it will reduce the stress and pressures from having sex as opposed to not being married. Some teenagers already have it squared away in their heads t hat they are going to wait until they are married to have sex. Some of those just cannot seem to wait. A lot of pressures go along with having sex; pressure from peers, classmates, people outside of the school setting. Around school, sex is usually a major topic of conversation. Students around are talking about how great sex is and how often they do it. Those same students are usually the ones who do not worry about protection. Teenagers find it to be some sort of competition nowadays to see who can have the most sex before they graduate. Boys often find that they are being pushed to prove themselves by scoring (Meier, 1994, p. 9). None of them think of the consequences. Some of them even end up getting pregnant. Some teenagers believe that if they have sex a lot, they will not get pregnant. Others believe that you cannot get pregnant in a hot tub, girls cannot get pregnant during their period, and that you cannot get pregnant the first time they have sex. Some even believe that if birth control is taken right before intercourse, it will prevent a pregnancy. Those are all myths. Getting pregnant is easier than anybody would think. In fact, one out of every 20 girls becomes pregnant the first time having sex. Another statistic is that one out of every 5 becomes pregnant during the first month of sexual activity (Meier, 1994, p. 12). There are positive influences out there offering advice and assistance to those teens in need. Parents, teachers and religious leaders tell teenagers that sex should be saved for marriage. Young people are caught between two sets of messages: one says, Go! and the other says, Stop! Most teens are too embarrassed to talk to their parents about sex, and many schools provide little or no sex education. Teenagers often rely on their friends for information, which is not always accurate. There are many teens that make a definite choice not to have sex until they are older because of religious beliefs or other reasons. Some realize that problems could get in the way of their plans for the future. Still, others worry about diseases (Meier, 1994, p. 10). Some pressures come from other sources and not just their peers. When a young person becomes involved with a boyfriend or girlfriend, the couple may have to deal with the pressures directly. One might pressure the other to have sex. This can often lead to break-ups causing more emotional problems. A girl is more likely to think of sex as something romantic but, however, have sex with boys with whom they have no real relationship (Meier, 1994, p. 10). Couples who have sex 12 times run a 50 percent chance of starting a pregnancy (Meier, 1994, p. 12). Teenagers should think of the consequences and read over the statistics before jumping into anything. Alcohol or drugs also play a major role in the sexual activity of teenagers. Sometimes, alcohol and drugs play a part in the teenagers decision to have sex. A person who is drinking alcohol or using drugs is less likely to be cautious and responsible about their behavior (Meier, 1994, p. 10). Teens will often go to parties and get so smashed that they have no control over what they are doing. Some of them go back to school and brag about what happened at that party or gossip about what happened to someone else. That is where some people earn their reputation as sluts or whores. I do not know about you, but that is what I want people to remember me by when I graduate. Often, those same people are the ones not doing well in school, especially if they come from poor families. They may have few goals or little hope that things will get any better. Some teenagers think that if they are drunk, they cannot get pregnant. That is yet another myth. Unless something is physically wrong, a boy and girl run the risk of beginning a pregnancy every time they have sex (Meier, 1994, p. 12). Many services deal with issues about teenage pregnancy directly. Unlike many European countries, however, the United States does not have a nationwide program to deal with teen pregnancy. In 1978, President Jimmy Carters administration sponsored the Adolescent Health Services and Pregnancy Prevention and Care Act, which helped provide a variety of services for pregnant and parenting teens. Three years later, President Ronald Reagan eliminated this program and replaced it with the Adolescent Family Life Act, which focused on abstinence programs that encourage teens not to have sex (Meier, 1994, p. 77). With a little variety of social services and very little correct information from peers, some people say that children should get information about sex from their parents and only their parents. Studies show that teenagers who can talk to their parents about a lot of topics, including sex, are less likely to become sexually active at an early age (Meier, 1994, p. 79). Adults believe that children learn all they need to know about life in school and that if their children are not asking questions, then they are not thinking about it. Some parents think that if their son or daughter has a question or problem pertaining to sex, they will go directly to their parents. Some teens think that their peers know more about it than their parents, so they turn to them. Other parents think that if their son or daughter is getting into trouble, they would know about it. Teenagers will, however, keep lots of information from their parents that could possibly get them in trouble. Parents often assume that their kids do not want to listen to their parents advice, when really they do. Some will not admit it, but most would like them to help out. .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e , .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e .postImageUrl , .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e , .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e:hover , .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e:visited , .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e:active { border:0!important; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e:active , .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u80a93ec27df691963c204c863599344e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Summer sister starts out with the main character, Essay We will write a custom essay on Teen sex specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The price that teenagers pay for being sexually active greatly outweighs any advantages. Teenage pregnancy, STDs, and emotional and physical problems are just a few examples of the disadvantages of having sex as a teenager. Teenagers pay a great price for being sexually active. The risks are just too great for getting pregnant and contracting an STD. There are more important things in life to worry about than things a person has control over. Another disadvantage, and this is mainly a disadvantage to anyone working and paying taxes, is that society must pay for the children of teenage parents. The taxes are used to pay for welfare and housing for these children. Teenagers often fail to comply with any rules stating that they cannot do something. These rules regarding teenage sex need to be more strict and re-enforced. A lot of parents need to get their own acts together before they start telling their children how and what to do. The parents are the ones we are arguing with here. The y are not doing the job that society has handed them. We, as citizens of the same country, need to better the lives of our own kind. Bibliography:

Free Essays on Customer Taste With Mixed Logit

I. Introduction In situations where customers choose among products, a customer’s taste parameters reflect the value that the customer places on each attribute of the products. Knowing the tastes of individual customers, as well as the distribution of tastes in the population, allows firms to design products that attract specific customers, recognize opportunities for targeted marketing, and identify groups of customers with similar tastes. Prediction of choices in new situations, which is important for assessing the market feasibility of new products, is also improved with information on individual customers’ tastes. Previously in this journal (Revelt and Train, 1998), we described discrete-choice procedures to estimate the distribution of tastes in the population. In the present paper, we extend these procedures, showing how the models can be used to make inferences about the tastes of each sampled customer. The general procedure is similar to the approaches of other studies, described in the next paragraph, that have inferred observation-specific information from estimates of the overall distribution of this information and the observation-specific dependent variable. Stated succinctly: The probability of outcome yn for observation n, labeled ) | ( n n y P , depends on information n that the researcher cannot observe. The unobserved information has density ) | ( n g , characteristized by parameters . The marginal probability of outcome yn is therefore = n n n n n d g y P y P ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( , and the log-likelihood function for = is LL= n n y P ) | ( ln , which is maximized to provide an estimator of .= Inference about each observation’s n utilizes yn in relation to ) ( g . In particular, the conditional density 3 of n is ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) , | ( n ... Free Essays on Customer Taste With Mixed Logit Free Essays on Customer Taste With Mixed Logit I. Introduction In situations where customers choose among products, a customer’s taste parameters reflect the value that the customer places on each attribute of the products. Knowing the tastes of individual customers, as well as the distribution of tastes in the population, allows firms to design products that attract specific customers, recognize opportunities for targeted marketing, and identify groups of customers with similar tastes. Prediction of choices in new situations, which is important for assessing the market feasibility of new products, is also improved with information on individual customers’ tastes. Previously in this journal (Revelt and Train, 1998), we described discrete-choice procedures to estimate the distribution of tastes in the population. In the present paper, we extend these procedures, showing how the models can be used to make inferences about the tastes of each sampled customer. The general procedure is similar to the approaches of other studies, described in the next paragraph, that have inferred observation-specific information from estimates of the overall distribution of this information and the observation-specific dependent variable. Stated succinctly: The probability of outcome yn for observation n, labeled ) | ( n n y P , depends on information n that the researcher cannot observe. The unobserved information has density ) | ( n g , characteristized by parameters . The marginal probability of outcome yn is therefore = n n n n n d g y P y P ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( , and the log-likelihood function for = is LL= n n y P ) | ( ln , which is maximized to provide an estimator of .= Inference about each observation’s n utilizes yn in relation to ) ( g . In particular, the conditional density 3 of n is ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) , | ( n ...

Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aristotle - Essay Example At that juncture, Aristotle left Plato’s school and went off to have other adventures as a philosopher and teacher. Eventually Aristotle moved to the court of Philip of Macedonia, and became a teacher to Philip’s son, Alexander. Alexander would later become Alexander the Great, a military leader whose methods are still studied in military schools around the world. Aristotle’s influence on Alexander is evidenced by how he treated his enemies and conquered peoples. Aristotle taught Alexander until he assumed the role of king at the age of 18. In Aristotle’s lifetime he wrote many major works, but only 31 survive currently (IEP). Aristotle’s influence is world wide because his mind formed the basis of schools of philosophy for 2000 years and was used to reconcile church faith to education and logic. Authors Roy Matthews, DeWitt Platt, and Thomas Noble state that Aristotle â€Å"had the most comprehensive mind of the ancient world. His curiosity and va st intellect led him into every major field of inquiry of his time, except mathematics and music† (Matthews, Platt and Noble 74). Thus, Aristotle’s influence is wide. Schools of philosophy formed around Aristotle’s ideas. ... Having an effect on the theology of a church begs the question then, how much influence did Aristotle have on faith, rather than reason, and does this influence water down Christianity? Does philosophy belong within religion, which is supposed to be based on faith alone? During the dark ages there were some areas of light. Rulers, who would try to educate some of their subjects, made this light. Two outstanding educator rulers were King Alfred of England and Charlemagne, King of the Franks. European education died out when these two rulers passed from the world scene, but later a teacher, Abelard, who was affiliated with the University of Paris, would again go to Aristotle’s restored works to try to reconcile the church dogma with philosophy to end the rivalry between logic and faith. Aristotle was the bridge to achieve this peace. His logic in deconstructing an argument still is a standard and elementary concepts presented in any philosophy class. In the Poetics for example, Aristotle reasons the basic units of society and how they evolve into a state. He relates how man is a political being and gives advice about how humans need to live in a political state. These musings form some of the basis for western thought and politics that Americans use. The Founding Fathers used works of philosophy such as those of Aristotle as well as those from Enlightenment of the 1600s who were wrestling with science or reason over faith. The American founders put their faith in reason by separating church from state, as politics should not be faith based but based on logic and rationality devoid of any faith whatsoever. However, the current political field in the U. S. seems to have forgotten these basic philosophical rules when appealing

The Product Life Cycle in Relation to the Diverse Activities and Essay - 3

The Product Life Cycle in Relation to the Diverse Activities and Interests of Various Stakeholders - Essay Example The paper tells that the principal stakeholders include the shareholders, securities exchange, and players in it, employees, government, competitors, suppliers, creditors, agents, dealers, environment, and customers of a business among others. The Product Life Cycle refers to the theory, which management applies to facilitate businesses understand the product’s eventual life expectancy and being able to know the standing in a life of a product at a given time. Most products undergo four principal phases in the life namely: the introduction, growth, mature or decline phases. Identifying of the phase of the product cycle enables respective stakeholders to derive strategies intended to improve the performance of the respective products. It is, however, hard to identify the exact phase in which a product belongs in the product lifecycle as a rise or fall in market performance sends mixed results. It is also not clear if stakeholders can accurately predict when the product will go into the subsequent stage of its life cycle. It is also hard for a business to ascertain when the market for a given product will reach market saturation. The management may thus get to know this during saturation and after saturation. The product life cycle model assumes all products have a life limit, which might not be the case since during the saturation phase the product starts slowing down with little or no significant growth. It is significant to note that, businesses are required to work strategically to make profits, employ many people, pay taxes to the government pay dividends to shareholders, improve wealth, and be responsible to the community.

Innovation Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Innovation Policy - Essay Example Such countries have increased their focus on developing and enhancing technologies and this has helped in improving their profits. On the other side, there are countries that have developed export economies by utilising the technology that devised by importing countries. Policies of both these types of countries related to technological adaption have played a significant role in determining the international trade pattern. Role of technology in developing a pattern of trade had been formed with various other dimensions as well. In addition, the technological advancement has also received criticism for its role. Hence, the role of technology in trade policy is of immense importance not only for academic purpose but also from the perspective of an economist as well. Role of technology in trade is increasingly being considered as a game changing variable in international trade and economic scenario. Europe has enjoyed the benefits of technological development and it has dominated over t he years because of technological advancement. Europe at the moment is considering the other side of opportunities towards technological advancement as it is focusing on southern countries with import dependencies. Hence, the essay develops a review of literature on the role of technology in the international trade and economic environment. ... Krugman (1979a) has developed an equilibrium model that determines trade pattern as a result of technology adaption or improvement of countries. Krugman’s equilibrium model has two types of countries; north and south. Northern countries have been focussing on developing technological expertise that increases earnings per technological development and labour efficiency by not increasing the non-human input. Northern countries have also been focussing on developing new products and then export these products to southern countries with charging additional rentals or prices for innovation being offered. Referred countries with dominance on new product development also benefit with transportation-inn of movable capital that includes both increased foreign direct investment as well as skilled labour. Increased efficiency with technological advancement results in labour receiving higher wage rate despite of similar productivity rate as of southern side countries. On the other side ar e southern side countries, these countries focus on receiving technological advancement from developed (northern) countries. Southern countries focus on manufacturing old products and export them to north for meeting their demand. Hence, according to Krugman (1979a) technological developments determine the pattern of international trade. Apart from this north south model that determines the position of importer and exporter in international trade theory, Krugman (1979b) has also documented reason of trade between countries with similar technological position. Krugman (1979b) cites the reason for such trade i.e. trade between countries in north or south category as to be the economies of scale. Hence, adopting Chamberlinian approach for defining trade being

China Fertilizer Industry Overview Economics Essay

China Fertilizer Industry Overview Economics Essay The worldwide fertilizer demand has rebounded in 2010 after witnessing a slowdown in FY09 and FY08 and the recovery is expected to sustain till 2014 based on the International fertilizer industry Association (IFA) estimates. The overall fertilizer demand in FY09/10 rose 3.7% to 162.5Mt as compared to 156.7Mt in FY08/09. The demand for N (nitrogen), P (Phosphorus) and K (Potassium) fertilizers in FY09 surged 1.9%, 4.5% and 18% respectively mainly driven by the Asian followed by the American markets. The overall fertilizer demand in FY10/11 is expected to increase 4.8% to 170 Mt and reach 188.3 Mt in 2014/15 driven by the economic recovery and positive agricultural market conditions. The demand for the N, P and K fertilizers are expected to increase 1.9%, 4.5% and 18%, respectively In FY10/11. Source: IFA, RODM research China fertilizer industry overview China is the largest consumer and producer of fertilizers in the world, contributing 31.4% and 29.1% of the global consumption and production respectively in FY07 based on the International fertilizer association statistics. According to china statistical year book, the country s fertilizer consumption in FY08 rose 2.6% to 52.4Mt as compared to 51.1mt in 2007 and grew at a CAGR of 3% for the period 2000-2008. This was mainly due to population increase in china, growth in compound fertilizers and increasing production of organic agriculture. Henan is the major consumer for fertilizers that accounts 11.5% of total consumption of fertilizer in china followed by the Shandong, Jiangsu and Hubei which contributed 9.1%, 6.5% and 6.3% of overall fertilizer consumption in FY08. Source: China statistical yearbook, RODM research Compound fertilizer industry in china Compound fertilizer comprises of at least two nutrients among nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and includes both organic and inorganic fertilizers. Based on the china statistical year book, the consumption of compound fertilizer industry have grown at a CAGR of 6.9% as compared to the 0.3%, 1.3% and 4.7% of Nitrogenous, Phosphate and potassium fertilizers respectively over a period of 1998-2008, indicating the increasing adoption of compound fertilizers by farmers as compared to the straight fertilizers. Based on PRlog.org, the Chinese compound market scale reached CNY 200 billion in FY09 and has around 4,500 compound fertilizer producers mainly situated in Shandong, Jiangsu, Hubei and Sichuan etc. The production of Chinese compound fertilizers reached around 50 million tons in FY09. The compound fertilizer manufacture industry increased 39% to CNY 23.60 billion in FY09 as compared to FY08.However, compound fertilizer consumption still accounts for less than 30% of the total consum ption, which is far below the 50-80% average in developed countries. This is due to the fact that compound fertilizers are relatively new in the Chinese market and farmers are only gradually adopting these over the more conventional varieties. The current fertilizer formulations has conformity degree of less than 3% and most of the producers make their formulations based on the economy and raw material prices rather than soil and crop demands. However with the rising environmental concerns, developing Chinese agricultural specialization and growing demand for high end cash crops and organic foods, the farmers are imposing higher requirements on compound fertilizers. Hence the demand for high end compound fertilizers, especially Chinese ternary compound (3 nutrients) fertilizers is expected to drive the overall compound fertilizers growth in the coming years. Source: China statistical yearbook, RODM research Organic Fertilizer industry With the rising environmental concerns, declining arable land, cultivation of high end crops, government thrust for organic production and demand for green foods, the adoption of organic fertilizer industry in China have been gaining momentum and is expected to witness rapid growth for the upcoming years. But the organic agriculture industry in china is very low as compared to the developed countries. In 2006, organic compound fertilizer in China accounted for 27% of the total fertilizer consumption, which about half of the 50% is registered in developed countries. However, organic fertilizer consumption in the country is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 30%, according to industry sources. Also, the government has identified the enhanced performance given by these fertilizers which would help them to reach their goals of increasing rural farm production and income while decreasing water pollution. According to the industry sources, the Chinese green fertilizer industry is highly fragmented with around 2,000 manufacturers with no distinguished players in the industry. The small and large regional players contribute 80% of the market share followed by the large regional and International players contributing 9% and 8% of the market share respectively. The small and large regional manufacturers have an edge of competitive prices and knowledge of local markets as compared to the International markets. On the flip side, the international manufacturers produce high quality products, good research and development capabilities and players with good financials can acquire regional players in a bid to sustain growth and increase their market share. The large national manufacturers have a competitive edge over the small and large regional manufacturers as well as international players in terms of their brand presence and wide distribution network along with providing quality products at competitive prices and having good understanding over the markets. To keep in line with the growth and economic conditions, the green fertilizer industry in china is expected to witness consolidation in the near future. Growth drivers for Organic fertilizer industry Rising environmental concerns Chinese agriculture has been growing rapidly on a limited area with heavy inputs of fertilizers since 1980s. The rates of fertilizers adopted in some regions of china are extremely high as compared to the developed countries like North America and Europe. The worldwide average fertilizer consumption per hectare in 1997 was 94 kilograms while US average was 111 kg per hectare. But china exceeded both world average and US average and used 271 kg of fertilizer per hectare of cultivated land, based on the industry sources (hafengevergreen.com).According to the industry sources, the pH levels of the soil in 2000-2008 as against 1980s have declined 0.13 while the pH for cash crops declined on an average 0.3. Since china feeds around 22% of the world s population with just 10% of arable land, protecting china s polluted and artificially fertilized soil remains a major concern to the government. Moreover, the population in china is expected to increase to 800 900 million by 2020, based on t he Beijing International Institute for City Development which would decrease the arable area for cultivation. Hence decreasing china s arable land and the need to increase the crop yield for domestic consumption have led the farmers to adopt high quality fertilizer products. Also with increasing environmental concerns, the government has been encouraging the production of organic agriculture for export and domestic consumption. Accordingly, the demand for the organic fertilizers have been growing as they increase organic matter content in the soil along with the major and minor organic nutrients. Growth in greening of china s food During the last few years, the demand for the green foods have been increasing on the back of growing concerns of environment and rising disposable income in china. Based on the industry sources, the cultivation of green food has increased from 2.14 million hectares to 10 million hectares while the output surged from 6.3 to 72 million tons over a period of 1997 to 2007.Also based on the Ministry of Agriculture 90% of China s agricultural exports are eco-food, i.e. either Hazard Free, Green or Organic foods. The export value increased to US~$2 Billion in 2006 from ~$70 Million in 1997. But china s exports have accounted less than 1% of the global organic market and .08% of the locally sold organic market. Although high production costs and prices has been limiting the usage of organic fertilizers in the domestic market, we believe that the government initiatives in the form of subsidies, recent food safety scandals, growing demand for reliable and healthy food in the domestic and inte rnational market, pollution concerns and rising disposable income would strongly drive the green fertilizer industry in the near future. The government has been encouraging both exports and imports of organic products and expects to achieve 10% of the organic crop production by 2010. Growth in green food over a decade Source: John Paull, Australian National University, RODM research Decreasing arable area for cultivation China is the largest agriculture producer in the world with only 15% of the cultivated area. China need to support 20% of the world s population and has just 10% of the total arable land in the world. Moreover the arable land has declined at a CAGR of .4% from 133mha to 121.7mha, over the period 1988-2008. To prevent further decline, the government have set the critical mark of arable land to be maintained at 120mha by 2020. According to the industry sources, the population in china is expected to increase from 47% to 75% over the next three decades which mounts the pressure of producing increased yield per area to feed the growing population. Thus the demand for the organic fertilizers is expected to witness rapid growth in the compound fertilizer segment. Source: China statistical yearbook, RODM research China policies/initiatives Subsidy The fertilizers market play a key input for the Chinese agricultural sector and hence is one of the main sectors to be addressed by the government to achieve its food sufficiency objective. The fertilizer subsidies in China are mainly for supporting the development of China s agriculture and food security. Hence we believe that most of the subsidy policies might be continued for the short term. The comprehensive subsidy on fuel and fertilizer for grain farmers in 2007 surged 120 % to $3.6 billion (RMB 27.6 billion) as compared to the last year. This program was started to partially compensate farmers for price increases in fuel, fertilizer, and other agricultural inputs in 2006. Based on the Ministry of Finance (MOF), the comprehensive subsidy reached at an average of about U.S. $14.5 per farm household in 2007 and the fuel and fertilizer subsidies are estimated to reach RMB 72.01 billion by 2009. The Chinese government gave bank loan interests subsidy from 2004 to those qualified fertilizers distributors who hold the fertilizer storage during the winter season wherein the total volume is about 5-8million mt and the interests subsidy is about RMB300million to RMB500million($43.9 million to $73.3 million )every year. Also the government gave a direct subsidy of RMB100/mt to both domestic and imported DAP which was around 6.7million mt and about RMB670million subsidy in 2004.The government gave an electricity subsidy for small and large nitrogen fertilizer producers in December 2003 which is around RMB6.3 billion every year. Also the transportation of fertilizer has been subsidized by RMB5.0 billion every year. Tariffs The MOF and NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission) have jointly announced the Notification of Fertilizer Price Formation Mechanism Reform on January 24, 2009. The main purpose of this notification is: Removal of current tariff restriction on domestic fertilizer prices Removal of fertilizer price restrictions Implementing preferential policies for fertilizer production Applying measures through import and export regulation, reserve control and transportation parameters to maintain the fertilizer market To improve agricultural subsidies for the industry Increase monitoring, supervision, and inspection on market pricing To make efforts on program organization and implementation The State Council Tariff Committee had imposed a 100 % special export duty on fertilizer and related material exports during April 20 and September 30, 2008 which affected 32 tariff lines including phosphoric acid, ammonia, nitrogen, phosphate, potash, and compound fertilizer. Based on MOF, the runaway in exports were due to strain in domestic supply which lead to surge in price as demand began to decrease due to spring planting. Hence the tariff was increased so as to control the rising prices along with providing plentiful grain harvest for the year. China has evolved from being a net importer of phosphate fertilizer to being a net exporter over the last decade and has been directly affected the US phosphate fertilizer industry as it used to supply 95% of China s phosphate imports. Pricing trend in china Chinese fertilizer prices have witnessed heavy volatility over the last decade mainly due to uneven production levels in fertilizers, the government s need to keep sufficient production to meet domestic market demand and rising international fertilizer prices. According to USDA, the market price for nitrogen fertilizer surged from $280 to $405/MT during 2007 and reached a high of $452 during April 2008. This was mainly due to imbalance between low supply and rising demand on the world market. Also the tariff restrictions imposed on Chinese fertilizer producers and the demand for fertilizers to produce biofuels in the United States, Brazil, and Europe has led to the increase in price. However due to the slowdown in the world economy and reluctance of Chinese farmers to pay high prices which were two to three times higher than the prices of early 2007, the price for fertilizer fell drastically to $247 at the end of 2008. VAT policies The NPK compound fertilizers, MAP, Urea and DAP have been on a VAT holiday from 1994; January 1, 1998; July 01, 2005; and January 1, 2008 respectively. China had stopped importing urea from 1997 and the government has given 50%-100% VAT refund to the urea exporters before March, 2004. The government stopped the tax refund policy and began to impose export tax to urea and DAP from March 16, 2004. Prior to 2002, the government has given VAT holiday policy to imported phosphoric acid for supporting the players like Sino-Arab Chemical Fertilizer Co. Ltd who were consuming imported PA for phosphate compound fertilizers production. The government gave VAT holiday policy for imported sulfur from May 20, 2008 and most of the imported fertilizers and related raw materials were given very low import custom taxes which are all below 4%. Export/Import initiatives for fertilizers Chinese government set new policies on the exported fertilizers during Nov. 14, 2008. To set export base price for the off-season and to reduce the export tariff from 125%~185% to 10%~110% till December 31, 2009; The export tariff for Urea, MAP and DAP would be 110% (35% basic+75% special) during mid-season and 10% during off-season since December 1, 2008 The base prices for DAP, MAP and Urea are RMB4000/mt; RMB3700/mt and RMB2300/mt respectively During the off-season, if Urea, DAP and MAP prices are lower than the base prices, the export tariff would be 10%, otherwise the export tariff would be calculated by the formula: [(1.1-base price/export price) 100)] Source: IFA, RODM research The customs tariff committee of China have cancelled the special export tariffs (50-75%) in Jun-09 on 27 products, that include phosphate rock (apatite), yellow phosphorus, synthetic ammonia, phosphoric acid, ammonium chloride, triple superphosphate (TSP), sodium nitrate and double nutrients to help local fertilizer manufacturers clear excess inventory build-up. Import Tariff Rate Quota Products Quota level (000 metric tons) In-quota imports (000 metric tons) State-trading share (%) In-quota MFN tariff rate (%) Out-of-quota MFN tariff rate (%) Urea 3,300 90 4 50 NPK 3,450 65 4 50 Diammonium phosphate 6,900 65 4 50 Source: USTR, RODM Research The Chinese government controls exports of major raw material inputs for fertilizers like coking coal which provides competitive edge to Chinese manufacturers and exporters over the foreign manufacturers and exporters in the chemical fertilizer industries. The price of coke in China was around $472/mt, while the global price of coke was $740/mt. Although China produces 336mmt of coke, contributing 60% of the global production, it has an export quota of only 12mmt and an export duty of 40%.

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman -- Yellow Wallpaper C

â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Many intellectual artists, who are widely acclaimed for their literary work, live in a world characterized by â€Å"progressive insanity† (Gilman 20). Charlotte Perkins Gilman was one such individual. A writer during the early 20th century, Gilman suffered from bouts of deep depression, due part to her dissatisfaction with the limitations of her role as wife and mother. Her writing, particularly her famous story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† reflects experiences from her personal life. In doing so, â€Å"she achieved some control over both her illness and her past† (Lane 128). Many people still admire the fact that Gilman wrote her piece â€Å"to save people from being driven crazy;† however, perhaps she wrote the story to rescue herself from the psychological distress that she often suffered. (Gilman 20) Many people find the conclusion of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† problematic because the protagonist ends up insane. Others, however, have offered an alternative reading of the story, one which posits that the protagonist’s response to her profoundly oppressive situation is perhaps the most â€Å"normal† and â€Å"healthy† response to her. Clearly Gilman had a great deal to say about the restrictions placed on women in the early 20th century. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† explores a young woman’s gradual psychological demise. In doing so, however, readers may also observe the gradual liberation of a woman. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the narrator who is suffering from depression, takes a trip to the country for the summer, with her husband and their baby. Her husband has diagnosed his wife’s condition as merely â€Å"a temporary nervous depression† (Gilman 4) and he decides to move her to a nursery that is located at the top of the house. She is surrounded by ugly yellow wallpaper and barred windows. Disturbed by the wallpaper, she asks her husband for another room or different wallpaper; however, he refuses. The woman becomes increasingly unhappy as she is forced t occupy a room that she despises. In this deprived environment, the pattern of the wallpaper becomes increasingly compelling. The figure of a woman begins to take shape behind the pattern of the paper. At night the pattern becomes bars, and the woman in the wallpaper is imprisoned. As her imagination worsens, she frantically rips off the paper in order to free the woman she perceives i... ...se of the phrase â€Å"living paper† is quite effective. I used this quote because it symbolizes the importance and the effect of this inanimate object’s power over the tragic heroine. The word â€Å"living† is the most appropriate description for its power. Treichler, Paula: She states, â€Å"the female lineage that the wallpaper represents is thick with life, expression, and suffering† (193) It summarizes some of the main themes of the narrative. It restates the gender-related struggle and captivity that captures the true essence of this story. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shumaker, Conrad. Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 37, 1990 p.195 He states that the husband is, â€Å"fearful and contemptuous of her imaginative and artistic powers, largely because fails to understand them or the view of the world they lead her to.† This quote describes the marital conflict between our heroine and her husband, hence the true struggle behind the story. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lane, Ann J. To Herland and Beyond. 1990 p.130 She states, â€Å"frightened by the images of a baby, the one she has and the one she was.† This quote expresses a symbolic comparison between the hopelessness and helplessness of the heroine and that of her child.

Narrowing Down of Gender Biased Disparities in US Federal and Civil services Essay

Narrowing Down of Gender Biased Disparities in US Federal and Civil Services The early 1970s witnessed a male dominant workforce in all departments of civil and federal services in the United States. Authoritative positions were held mainly by men. ‘Sex Based Glass Ceilings in the US State Level Bureaucracies 1987-1997’ written by Margaret Reed et al. (2004) has relevant data from the US Government offices. The authors analyzed the data and concluded that this gap has narrowed down significantly with women breaking the impediments in the glass ceilings prevalent in administrative positions. According to him, the glass ceiling is not that pervasive in distributive and regulatory agencies but very less pervasive in the services of redistributive agency which will be discussed later in this paper. Mani (2004) in his ‘Women in the Federal Civil Service’, analyses more about the influence of veterans preference to see if it stands as an impediment to women’s career in the federal civil services. Lewis and Oh (2008) exclusively discuss about the male-female pay differences in their paper ‘A Major Difference? ’ They deal effectively with pay disparities. For this, they makes an in depth study of different major subjects in colleges that brings a change in salary and administrative positions. He uses samples of different races, whites and blacks, and Hispanics in his analysis and proves that there is no disparity among races in terms of salary or status. All the three papers propose a common positive trend in women’s education level, salary, status, higher positions in civil and federal workforce. Each paper is exclusive in describing a unique sub-topic with significance and data analysis. Women are close to men in almost all departments thereby bridging the gender gap between 1990 and 2000. All the three papers with data show the disparities and gender differences between 1970 and 1990 that gradually reduced and the percentage variation is insignificant in the year 2000. Reed et al. ’s (2004) paper can be considered as a main discussion of the topic where he touches upon women’s employment, pay disparities and impediments to glass ceilings. Reed (2004) brings about the discussion on glass ceiling and glass wall that existed in three different agencies. The other two papers: ‘A Major Difference? ’ and ‘Women in the Federal Civil Service’ can be considered as a supportive or additional research without much contradictory opinions though each paper touches upon distinctive subtopics distinctively. The data analysis in all the three papers almost arrive at the same percentage of variation between men and women in salary, education in civil and federal workforce. All the three essays borrowed data from government offices like U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EEOC national (data set for Sex Based Glass Ceilings in the US State Level Bureaucracies 1987-1997’), US Office of Personnel Management (data set for ‘ Major Difference’) and US Office of Personnel Management (data set for ‘Women in the Federal Services’) This data is useful in performing analysis of employees by job category, functional policy areas, salary levels, sex, number of male-female veterans, and male-female non-veterans. This data is not available in the open. It has been provided to the authors on request by the respective universities. This data helps to conduct Significance Test, Logistic Regression tests, Chi-square test and t test to come up with statistical evidence supporting their statements. Reed et al. (2004) use this data to arrive at ceiling ratios while discussing about pay disparities between male and female. When we discuss about gender disparities, or women’s impediments to acquire managerial positions, a common opinion is cited as a drawback in women: they are lack of commitment to affirmative action, lack of developmental assignments, gender biased organization cultures and stereotypes, outright discrimination, assuming leadership roles and welfare composition (Reed et al. 2004). Mani (2004) is also of the same view when he discusses about the reason for gender wage gap. According to him, sex discrimination in hiring and promotions, shortcomings in public policies and social changes played a major role between 1970 and 1990. While discussing pay disparities and acquiring higher positions that remain in disfavor of women, we need to consider that women were in the habit of selecting arts and social subjects in colleges that relatively fetched lower salary and lower administrative positions compared to men who were in the habit of selecting computer science, business and other professional studies. The second factor is that women are mostly connected with familial tie-ups and involved in childbearing, preferring to travel less, etc. automatically kept them away from competing with men for parity in pay or the highest positions in administrative levels. In 1990s, the above-said factors did not stand in the way of women to keep them away from competition. Many women started choosing professional colleges and decided to work in areas where men alone where dominant. Education played a major role in bridging the gap between men and women in pay disparities and higher positions in administrative levels. However, reaching top most authoritative levels was decided on various other factors that led to the disappointment of women. The percentage of gap un-bridged can be considered as due to the shortcomings in public policies and social changes as suggested by Mani (2004). Lewis and Oh (2008) in his exclusive study on pay differences, also attributes the unexplainable gaps in pay disparities to sexual discrimination and difference in government treatment of apparently compatible men and women. All three studies agree that this kind of partial treatment to women has reduced significantly and women are well placed in terms of education, pay, and administrative positions in the late 1990s. The percentage of development in every decade from 1970 is shown through analysis of data. Mani (2004) analyzes the influence of veterans in the civil life to see if it stands as an impediment to women’s opportunity of becoming a top level managers. Earlier in 1970s and 1980s there was considerable reason to believe that veterans had the advantage in federal civil service over non-veterans. The case started reversing in the 1990s with non- veterans getting more salaries and more job advantages. This is because, the women came stronger in studies in all departments. The growing number of women in public and their demands were heeded and respected by the government. The impediments came to a halt with the implementation of Equal Pay Act. Besides, George Bush signed Civil Rights acts of 1991 which allowed women to challenge unfavorable decisions in the bureaucracy and in the courts. Mani (2004) has ultimately concluded his views on veterans and their changing state is in the civil society with time. He proves with the empirical data that veterans no longer remain as an impediment for women in obtaining success in the civil and federal positions. Reed (2004) raises the question of women and their under representation as institutionalized democratic practices when it comes to high level positions. He used two models (i) socio-psychological model that emphasizes the importance of organizational culture that exclude women, and (ii) the systemic model that focuses on the distribution of power and opportunities available to women. Unlike Lewis and Oh (2008), and Mani et al. (2004), Reed (2004) gets into details of three different agencies and the opportunities and positions held by women in them. Regulatory agencies such as police are considered to be a male dominant workforces. Obviously, the presence of glass ceilings is more visible here. The redistributive agency includes management of public welfare programs, rehabilitation, public health services etc that involve more service related jobs where women are appointed traditionally at various levels. The glass ceilings are less pervasive in top administrative positions in redistributive agency. These disparities stated by Reed (2004) are narrowed down in 1990s. Distributive agencies involve construction, repair and administration of bridges, community development, etc in which men use to be dominant. The authors clearly observe the presence of glass wall and an impervious glass ceiling to get into top level management positions. Lewis and Oh (2008) do not segregate in detail, the three agencies via regulatory, distributive and redistributive agencies and so failed to categorize women where their representation, for example departments like police protection, fire, dept, etc was minimum. Without these information, one does not get to know that women are doing fairly well to reach management positions in redistributive agencies. From all the three papers, we understand that there is an increase in percentage of women in all positions of workforce. The empirical data suggests that the percentage increase is gradual from 1970 through the years and in 1995, women were earning about 89% of salary compared to men. Women too started obtaining higher degrees from colleges. Their presence was seen in many upper management positions. However women have not advanced into the highest and most prestigious positions in organizations. According to Reed (2004), the government is becoming creative in implementing strategies to reduce the gender gap but these efforts are not uniformly distributed in all the states. Many women, about 3 million, as teachers, are not included in the data considered for analysis. This is a significant population that chose teaching profession for convenience and so the percentage of variation in disparities between men and women could have been improved if this work force is distributed in other civilian jobs. The proportion of women in various jobs determines various other factors. Mani (2004) has disclosed the veterans and their status in the civil services after the post Vietnam war. His paper helps to understand how the early veterans without much education levels happened to claim up the ladder in civilian positions. We also come know of the rigorous training the veterans possessed to meet the requirements once they come out to the civil life. However, at a later stage, the non-veterans had the advantage over veterans by virtue of their higher education, experience in civil environment and the change of law that preferred veterans in selection procedures. The transition is shown with the help of data available from the U. S. Office of Personal Management Central Personal Data File (OPM CPDF). Comparison among male veterans, male non-veterans, female veterans, female non-veterans with and without considering sex aspect give a clear picture of preferences and impediments over the decades. The scenario in 1995 shows that the disparities among all the four groups have been settled in such a way that one group does not hinder the prospect of the other group while competing for civilian jobs and in promotions. There was a significant difference in salary between men and women after all the analysis conducted by Mani (2004). Like in other papers, Mani (2004) too agrees with sex discrimination, the shortcomings in the public policies and social changes that impact women’s career. But his opinion is slightly different compared to the other two: after 1998, there was still occupational segregation and salary disparities between men and women. The other two papers showed that much of the gender gap is narrowed down around 1999, whereas Mani (2004) still shows differences that requires rectification from the government side. All the three papers with data and analysis reveal the changes in social and cultural changes through the history of United States. All the three papers used more or less the similar data borrowed from the government departments. This can be considered as a major drawback in the results obtained. If each paper used a different data from different sources to conduct statistical analysis, it would have been more appealing. All the three papers do not consider or omit a few factors evenly while doing the analysis. For example, the 3 million teachers (Reed, 2004) avoided in one paper is a wise decision which is not found in the case of other two papers. All the three papers are trying to arrive at showing the percentage of gap narrowing down in disparities between male and female without considering similar factors in the analysis. This cannot be taken strongly for absolute results. However, the data from the government sources and its utilization in analyzing the subject to provide with statistics at various levels certainly convince the readers that there is improvement in lessening of glass walls and ceilings, equality in pay and acquiring top level management positions in the civil and federal workforce. References Lewis, B. & Oh, S. S. , (2008). A Major Difference? Fields of Study and Male–Female Pay Differences in Federal Employment. Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Mani, B. G. (2004). Women in the Federal Civil Service: Career Advancement, Veterans’ Preference, and Education. Reid, M. (2004). Sex-based Glass Ceilings in US State-Level Bureacracies, 1987-1991. Administration and Society.

Names of Professions and Jobs for English Learners

Names of Professions and Jobs for English Learners All English learners, no matter their age or background, should be familiar with the names for common jobs and professions. Knowing these will help you better communicate in a variety of situations, whether you are traveling, shopping, or simply having a conversation with a new friend. Examples of jobs and professions- and how to use each one in a sentence- appear below. Arts Design Professionals who work in the field of arts and design include architects, who design homes and other buildings; actors, who appear on stage, on TV, and in movies; and writers, who produce poetry, articles, and books. Examples of these professions appear in the following sentences: Actor - Famous actors make millions of dollars from their films.Architect - The architect drew up the blueprints for the building.Designer - Our designer will completely redo your store with a new look.  Editor - The editor of a newspaper must decide which articles to print.Musician - Its difficult to make a living as a musician playing an instrument.Painter - The painter creates beautiful pictures with his brush.Photographer - A photographer does their best to capture a special instant in time on film.Writer - The writer wrote a fantastic book about zombies. Business Business is a huge field that includes a diverse range of jobs, from accountants, who keep track of money, to managers, who direct business operations and employees. Positions range from entrys of these jobs appear in the following sentences: Accountant -  Accountants  keep track of how money is earned and spent.Clerk - Talk to the clerk about depositing a check.Company director - Our company director issued the yearly report.Manager - A manager takes care of the business arrangements for famous, and not so famous, artists and musicians.Salesperson - Salespersons are always nice, and theyre happy to help you with something youd like to buy. Education Research One of the most common education careers is teacher, someone who instructs students in a variety of different fields, from science to the arts. Other education careers are more research-driven. Economists, for example, study the economy, while scientists investigate a range of different topics.  Examples of these jobs appear in the following sentences: Economist - An economist studies how different economic systems function.Scientist - The scientist might work for years before coming up with the results of an experiment.Teacher - While often underpaid and overworked, teachers educate children that will one day be our future. Food One of the largest job fields is the food industry, which encompasses all the jobs involved in the production, preparation, and sale of food, from the farmers who plant and harvest vegetables to the wait staff who end up serving those vegetables in restaurants.  Examples of food-related jobs appear in the following sentences: Baker - I bought three loaves from the local baker.Butcher - Could you go to the butcher and get a few steaks?Chef - The chef prepared a marvelous four-course meal.Cook - The cook was responsible for simple meals such as hamburgers and bacon and eggs. Cooks are members of the  foodservice industry.Farmer - The farmer sold his vegetables at the local farmers market on Saturdays.Fisherman - The fishermen in this area have seen commercial salmon fishing decline over the years.Waitperson - Ask the waitperson for the menu, Im starving! Healthcare Healthcare is one of the most important industries and includes life-savers such as doctors and surgeons. It also includes nurses and caretakers, who are responsible for monitoring and assisting individuals with health conditions.  Examples of healthcare jobs appear in the following sentences: Caretaker - Its important that a caretaker be very empathetic with a family that has lost a loved one.Dentist - The dentist explained the root canal procedure to the patient at his  dental appointment.Doctor - Do you think I should see a doctor for this cold?Nurse - Nurses make sure patients needs are taken care of in hospitals.Optician - The optician checks your eyesight to see if you need glasses.Surgeon - Surgeons dont have any problem cutting someone open. Its their job!

Free Essays on Laptops

Should children use laptops in school? A number of school are testing out laptops in classroom settings. Laptops can be very helpful learning tools by getting computers into the hands of people who might not be able to afford one at home. Not everyone agrees its a good idea, however. Laptops can be expensive, difficult to set up, and (in some cases) distracting. Statement of the Topic The topic is Laptops in the classroom. My research will be conducted on the ways in which laptops are currently changing students curriculum and behavior. I willbe focusing my research on elementary schools, and whould therefore like to examine the changes that laptops have brought to education. Method Section I am currently working on a survey designed to evaluate student laptop use. This Survery has the following objective. - to determine how students were using their laptops both in and out of class. - to gather information on student satisfaction with educational experience. - to obtain student in put on how the laptop program might be improved.The Statement of the Hypothesis The purose of the study is to explore wether we should support or not support laptops in the classroom. My hypothesis is that laptops are a disadvantage to be used by children in school and should therefore not be supported Research Participants. The sample oblainedfrom 6 grade class, consisted of 9 boys and 12 girls are using laptop in the classroom. Review of Related Iiterature Should conventional learning tools be replaced by laptops? We have all read about places trying to accomlish a paperless environment, and we have all thought about how laptops may some day replace textbook. I think that we should take this one step further. Should laptops replase other conventional learning tools. Do we think that in the future laptops can and will replace many of the things that found in classroom today. Paper, pencils, books, calculators, notebooks. We... Free Essays on Laptops Free Essays on Laptops Should children use laptops in school? A number of school are testing out laptops in classroom settings. Laptops can be very helpful learning tools by getting computers into the hands of people who might not be able to afford one at home. Not everyone agrees its a good idea, however. Laptops can be expensive, difficult to set up, and (in some cases) distracting. Statement of the Topic The topic is Laptops in the classroom. My research will be conducted on the ways in which laptops are currently changing students curriculum and behavior. I willbe focusing my research on elementary schools, and whould therefore like to examine the changes that laptops have brought to education. Method Section I am currently working on a survey designed to evaluate student laptop use. This Survery has the following objective. - to determine how students were using their laptops both in and out of class. - to gather information on student satisfaction with educational experience. - to obtain student in put on how the laptop program might be improved.The Statement of the Hypothesis The purose of the study is to explore wether we should support or not support laptops in the classroom. My hypothesis is that laptops are a disadvantage to be used by children in school and should therefore not be supported Research Participants. The sample oblainedfrom 6 grade class, consisted of 9 boys and 12 girls are using laptop in the classroom. Review of Related Iiterature Should conventional learning tools be replaced by laptops? We have all read about places trying to accomlish a paperless environment, and we have all thought about how laptops may some day replace textbook. I think that we should take this one step further. Should laptops replase other conventional learning tools. Do we think that in the future laptops can and will replace many of the things that found in classroom today. Paper, pencils, books, calculators, notebooks. We...

Discussion 2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion 2 - Term Paper Example A lot of information can be obtained easily from both countries hence helping the researchers to compare their progress. This may not be an appropriate topic for a dissertation in management. This is because the topic is not wide and darned few considerations have to be made. In fact, the topic is remarkably general hence darned little information can be gathered. For a dissertation, adequate information is required, and a lot of sources have to be considered. This topic is exceedingly shallow, and information can be gathered from one source for one to come up with an inclusive report (Damon et al, 2011, p.87). Therefore, any student intending to come up with a dissertation on this topic should consider such points. Dissertations require one to study a wide field which can provide diverse information hence making their work easy. This topic is not wide enough to be considered for a dissertation. In fact, if it has to consider the company’s computers, it means that kind of information to be collected is extremely limited. This is because an organization has only one point of information hence devilish little information can be obtained. Company technicians can be used to offer all they know about company computers, and validity of this information depends with the technician (Ongino, 2009, p. 67). It is necessary for anyone working on a dissertation to consider interviewing various people to ensure that the information is reliable. Authenticity of information is extremely beneficial because it ensures that the report has dire credibility from its audience. This topic is tremendously famous for any student intending to write a dissertation in management. Since the topic is about many countries, chances of attaining a lot of information. In addition, a lot of people may be involved in data collection hence providing researchers with diverse information (Aslib, 2000, p.98). This is hugely significant because

The Future of the U.S. Health Care System Essay

The Future of the U.S. Health Care System - Essay Example The Obama administration has also moved out the certain way to introduce universal medical care treatment in the United States of America. The current health care system of United States has introduced Act to change the way of medical care coverage. It is also revealed that Americans used to pay more compared to other nations (Southwestern, 2012). The poor health issues and shorter lifespan are some of the primary issues faced by United States healthcare management. The utmost visible health rights crisis is 50 million people are without any healthcare insurance. The prime purpose of the project is to focus on the thesis statement. Furthermore, the report also explores the benefits provided by healthcare system of United States to the population. It is believed that the health care system of United States is one of the most complex and largest healthcare systems. The U.S. health system analyses the health financing, health system performance, health reforms, health-care provision and developments in organizations. This system has notable weaknesses and significant strengths. Some of the considerable strengths of the system are high quality of medical specialists, robust health care research program and well trained medical department workforce. However, it also has some weaknesses such as incomplete attention towards health expenditure and citizenry, lack of instructing effective health information technology and unequal distribution of outcomes and resources. It is supposed that these drawbacks of healthcare system can heavily influence the sustainable development of the country. There are large numbers of evidence to state that Federal Government is heavily focusing on improving the healthcare issues of United States of America. But it can be predicted that the result of poor access towards the health care system is the prime reason for occurrences of these problems.  

Social Theories Of Development And Learning Essay

Social Theories Of Development And Learning - Essay Example Despite the great number of strategies and techniques which have been developed to assist a teacher, a today’s educator often feels frustrated because of the inability to control his/her learners and/or teach them the required material. Knowledge of classroom and behavior management is essential for having a well-structured and effective study session. The relationship based on mutual respect and understanding between a teacher and a child is the essential part of good instructional program realization. A teacher can take up various roles, but the major one would be that of an instructional leader and classroom manager. It has to be stressed that effective classroom managers are not born, but made.According to the numerous studies, dual language or dual immersion program has a number of advantages, especially if to speak about the one which is being employed from early years. Many educators who teach children within dual language program start from kindergarten. According to S oderman, the research in this area has proven a number of cognitive advantages for early exposition to second languages. Unlike unilingual children in the educational environment, bilingual children "are driven to higher levels of cognitive flexibility". Learning a second language in dual language program is different from that of regular learning a foreign language which can be found in the regular school. This program can give much more than mere acquisition of vocabulary, a set of grammar rules or practical syntax.

The City of London Essay Example for Free

The City of London Essay London is the capital city of United kingdom and it is considered as the chief city of British Commonwealth. It is considered one of the greatest and oldest centers of finance, industry and culture in the world. The city is also one of the largest in the world (How stuff works, par 1). It is preparing to host 2016 World Cup and for that matter, it is crucial to know what is behind the magnificent city of London. This essay seeks to explore on aspects that characterize the city right from its geography, history, culture and political jurisdiction. London is located at latitude 51.30’ north and longitude 0. 70 west. It is situated in Lambeth; south East of England in United Kingdom (Maplandia, par 1). The city is 2. 6 square kilometers (Easy expert, par 2). It also lies on the Thames river about 40 miles from the North Sea (How stuff works, par 2). Roughly, the river divides the city into two equal parts and it is on two hills on the bank north of Thames (How stuff works, par 2-3) . The river’s embankments are in central London. Along the great bend of the river, is the Victoria embankment. Other embankments include the Albert and Chelsea which are further upstream. This river is characterized by great bridges for example, Tower, London, Westminster and waterloo bridges (How stuff works 1, par 7). Geographical Features London has so many natural areas throughout the city. For example Meadows such as Kellaly; forests such as Meadow lily woods and Medway valley heritage forest; Wetlands like Westminster ponds among others. Moreover, it also harbors 22 kilometers paved paths for bikes along the Thames River (Tourism London All, par 1). Political jurisdiction The corporation of London is the one that administers the city headed by the Lord Mayor. The Greater London has 33 boroughs with the inner one having 14 and the outer London having 19 boroughs. The greater London has an elected mayor with an assembly and it is also the administrative entity in England (Britannica Encyclopedia, par 2). The city is governed following feudal system of government. The body that is involved with decision making is the court of common council which has 100 members who are elected directly from 25 wards in the city. This council meets every four weeks but committees meet more regularly. They have committees concerned with finance, education, policy and resources, planning and transportation. Some committees have members who have no voting rights in the corporation and are members because of their specialist expertise. The overall leader is the historic Lord mayor but the policy and resources committee’s chairman represents the body to the media (Stevens, par 6-7). The representatives of the boroughs form the assembly of the great London which boasts of its own constitution (Easy expert, par. 2). For one to be eligible for elections, he or she must be a free man in the city. Elections are not based on political parties. There is also the court of Aldermen where each ward elects one Alderman adding up to 25 Aldermen. The office of the Aldermen has diminished significance and today, they just discharge judicial function as magistrates and are also allowed to sit in the court of common council’s committees with no allowances (Stevens, par 10). Origins of This Great City The origin of London can be dated back to 43 AD. Before Romans invaded the land, no permanent settlement existed but only River Thames flowing surrounded by small islands of gravel and sand. When comparing the population of mosquitoes and people, the former were many (Britain express, par 1). London has been inhabited for more than 5000 years but it was only characterized by marshes and forests instead of a city. The city itself was started by Romans about 2000 yeas ago but originally, they called it Londinium. During the invasion, they landed in Kent and passed through River Thames sailing upwards. They knew the strategic importance of the river in controlling the crossing point at the river. So, they built on the north bank, a settlement. They carefully chose two spots in two hills, which were small and where the river was narrowing, and built a bridge. This is the London Bridge that is known today. They brought up buildings, a port and streets and they named the settlement Londinium which became the capital city of the Roman Britain (Barrow, par 2-3). The original London could only last for several years, little more than 10, and the ships could reach there making the city to become a trading center (museum of London, par 4-5). The bridge was very significant as it was the center for the road networks that sprung up from the crossing place, and thus it allowed the movement of the troops to be fast (Britain Express, par 4). The city later grew into a great trading center and by the second century AD, in the middle, the city had the largest town hall, a temple, and a governor’s palace among others. The Romans built a wall around 200 AD, surrounding the city and this defined the shape and size of London over a millennium. The area which was surrounded by the wall, is the one that is called ‘The city† (Britain Express, par 7-9). Urban And Street Patterns Prior to World War 2, London was characterized by very few buildings which were more that 6 stories high but today, the buildings with 20 stories and above can be found, for example, the towers of Barbican are 40 stories and above. The tower of Canary Wharf rising 80 stories and an office building, east of central London in the dockyards is the longest structure in Britain rising 800 feet high. The square of Trafalgar is in the west of the city, near the Thames River. Two large fountains can be found in the square and Admiral Lord Nelson’s statue; this square has been used mostly for celebrations in the city (How stuff works 1, par 7-9). The London streets follow bends and twists of the river and the Roman walls which have long disappeared. The current through ways came originally from the village lanes that existed there before. Strangers get confused most of the time because, these streets may have their names put in different places. One name may be found on one side of a street inter-section or a square and the other one will be found on other side. Contrary to streets in America, London roads have no numbering system which is logical and this makes it difficult to navigate through the streets. To learn the routes will take sometime (Geographers A-Z Map Company, par 1). When it comes to transportation system, it mainly consists of bus lines, surface and underground railways. The main railway stations include: Charing Cross, Waterloo, Paddington and Victoria lines. Two fifths of the city’s railway system covering 250 miles, is made up of London subways. The underground system is made of brick tunnels below the surface. The First line was made in the year 1863 but later, so many of them developed, built in deep tunnels lined with metals which are often called tubes. London boasts of three international airports and these include: Heathrow and Gatwick which is adjacent to the main railway line from London to Brighton. The third one is Stansted which is in the north east of the city (How stuff works, par 1-3). The London’s tower is a complex of buildings sitting on an 18-acre land. The walls and the grounds are on the Thames River, east side of the city. Mostly, the crown jewels are usually on display here. Yeomen warders in uniforms dating back to 16th century are usually used to guide visitors around the complex. Next to it is the mansion house which has been in existence since the 16th century and this is the place where the Lord Mayor of the city resides. North of this house stands Guildhall which was put up in the 15th century (How stuff works 5). South west London, rises a cathedral called St. Paul’s which was designed by Sir Christopher Wren. This church is among the largest in the world. The duke of Wellington and Lord Nelson are buried there. On the west side of the cathedral, there is a street called Fleet Street which was once, the center of newspaper publishing in Britain (How stuff works 4, par 2-5). Just next to it is the knights’ templar medieval headquarters which also harbors the courts’ inns, law schools and legal associations. The Fleet Street merges forming a strand which leads to the west and Westminster. Buckingham palace is situated in this place and it hosts the London sovereigns. Westminster Abbey is also found there and this is where the monarchs are crowned. 8 acres of land around this place is covered with the parliament building and one thing that distinguishes it from other buildings it is its famous clock tower, the clock having a bell called â€Å"the Big Ben†. The Lambeth place is just across Thames from the parliament and this is where the Arch bishop of Canterbury resides (How stuff works 4, par 2-5). White Wall is found between the parliament and the square of Trafalgar . White Wall is a street which is bordered by government buildings. Another one is called Number 10 Downing Street found in the west of the White Wall and it is the prime minister’s home. The district of West end theatre is also found there between Piccadilly Circus and Trafalgar square and it is London’s world renowned theatre district which harbors more than a 100 theatres. Soho is also found in the North and it is known for its famous foreign restaurants and entertainment sites. Mayfair is found in the west characterized by residential areas, hotels, department stores and embassies, which include the US embassy that is found on the Grosvenor square (How stuff works, 5). West end hosts London largest parks. Regents Park can be sighted there and it is on 472 acres of land. It has a lake, open air theatre, a rose garden and the London zoo. Another park, Hyde Park is also found there. It sits on a piece of land of 360 acres which includes a lake called Serpentine. Marble Arch and bridle path which is called Rotten Row . The speakers’ corner is also found there. Kensington gardens with 275 acres of land adjoin Hyde Park on the west and this is where Kensington palace can be sighted which also hosts the Albert memorial and Peter pan’s statue. Short distance towards west of central London, botanic gardens of the royalty can also be found especially in Kew (How stuff works 5). Major Buildings And Landmarks In London The first major building in city is the tower of London, a prominent building for over 900 years and attracting tourists from all over the globe. The tower serves the royalties as a palace and a fortress. Ironically, it is also a place where executions take place and jailing of law defaulters. Royal mint, arsenal, menagerie and jewel house are also found here (Barrow, par 1). One of the oldest buildings and the most important centers for religion is the Westminster Abbey. This palace has been used to burry so many queens and kings and there commemoration ceremonies are usually done there. It was founded by Edward the confessor who was later made a saint. Parliament houses are also found in the palace of Westminster. Buckingham palace has 600 rooms and it is surrounded by a 40-acre garden with 40,000 tulips (Barrow, par 6-10). The Canary Wharf is the tallest building and it is part of the dock lands in London. The Canary is estimated to be 244 meters high and stainless steel has been used o cover it. Another major building is St Paul Cathedral which was built 604 AD but it was later re-built twice after being burnt down twice. The current one was built in 1675 and 1711 . The other monument is the O2 millennium dome which is the largest one in the world covering 180 acres with 320m diameter and the height of 50 m. It also has support towers of about 100 m high. It was built to commemorate the new millennium and it sits on the Greenwich meridian, longitude 0 degrees. Another one is the London eye. It is one of the London’s modern landmarks, made up of the biggest ferries wheel in the world and it can carry passengers of about 800 in number at a time. Its highest point is about 450 feet and it provides a view that goes covers 25 miles (Barrow, par 10-18). In addition, 30 St Mary Axe was opened in 2004 and it was known as Gherkin because of its oval shape. It is very visible especially when traveling from different places into London. The outside of the building is made of 24,000 m square glass whish has been arranged in panes that are diamond shaped. Other monuments include the monument of Trafalgar square which was put up in commemoration of the great fire of London which happened in 1666; the tower is 62 meters high. It is just next to Pudding lane where the fire began in the bakers shop. It is also characterized by 311 stairs to the top and one can use it to view London (Barrow, par 18-24). Other buildings include: One Canada square, Tower 42, Millban tower, St. Paul’s cathedral, Tate modern, St. Pancras chambers, Royal courts of justice, St. Brides church, BT tower, Wembley stadium, Centre point, the Lloyd’s building, Westminster cathedral, the Ark and Christ Church Spitalfields (Emporis Corporation, par 1). London Industries London’s industries form the crucial part of the economy. The industries come in form of manufacturing, aircraft, ship building, and food processing including the chemical industries, offering employment to so many people. These industries comprise of both small and large scale industries and mostly, different business communities are involved in boosting the growth of these industries though the manufacturing one is the largest sector of London’s economy (Maps of world, par. 1-2). Of all the laborers in London, 16% are found in the manufacturing industry. The leading industries in London include: chemical, electronics, cable manufacture, food processing, vehicle manufacture, and ship and aircraft building. The names associated with aircraft industry include Sopwith Aviation Company, Fairey aviation, Handley Page, Green Engine Co. and Lucas Rotax among others (Maps of World, par 3-4). Vehicle industry is one of the most recognized industries in London and it is associated with companies such as Ford of Britain, Dagenham, Park ward, Power Drives among others. Those companies that deal with cable manufacturing include: British Insulated Callender’s cables, Siemens, North and Woolwich among others. Food processing is associated with companies such as Pura Foods, Park Royal, The Smith’s Snack Food company and the list is endless (Maps of World, par. 4-7). When it comes to ship building, the companies include; Woolwich Dock Yard, Samuda Brothers, Scott Russell and so on. Companies associated with chemical manufacturing are; Hackney Wick, Liford photo, Sir William Henry Parking etc. Lastly, is the electronics industry which is associated with companies such as Ferguson Electronics Racal, Plessey, Bush Radio and so on (Maps of World, par. 7-10). These companies vary in the number of the workers employed by each. This is given below in percentages: Manufacturing 16. 2%, trade 14. 7%, educational services 9. 7%, health care and social assistance 13. 5%. Accommodation and food services 5. 8%, finance and insurance, real estate and leasing 7. 3%, agriculture 1. 8%, transport and ware housing 3. 8%. Public administration 3. 0%, construction 4. 7%, business building 4. 8%, information, culture and recreation 4. 2 % and lastly, professional, scientific and technical services 5. 7%. Other industries which are not included amount to 4. 0%. All these companies are under the administration of London chamber of commerce and industries (Maps of World, par. 12). Tourism sector The Londoners benefit mostly from tourism especially in regards to economy and social aspects. It boosts employment rates generating huge income. The businesses have also benefited so much. 10% gross value in London is from the sector and it also employs 13 % of all the workers in London. The city has a record of getting tourists from other parts of the world more than New York, Las Vegas and Sydney. It also attracts these tourists more than any European state (Government Office for London, par 3, 4). Tourism sector generates 2 billion pounds yearly in West London; 14. 7 million tourists who make daily trips to the same region and 5. 4 million tourists visit attraction sites in East London yearly (London’s Councils, par 1). Cultural geographical aspects of London London is a diverse cultural centre and an international one for that matter. It harbors so many museums, theatres and art galleries, cinemas which offer entertainment of first class level to 300 nationalities and above. The architecture of this city offers the diversity and the historical buildings. Six of London cultural landmarks include: the tower of London, St . Margaret church, Palace of Westminster and the Westminster Abbey and last but not list, the Maritime Greenwich (Europe Cities, par 1-2). When it comes to language, London is considered a multi lingual city. It has 300 different languages within its boundaries which are often spoken. The city has proven that, compared to Europe and New York, it is the most cosmopolitan city with its internationalism (Buncombe and Mac Arthur, par 2). The most common languages spoken are:English,Bengali,Panjabi,Gujerati,Hindu,Turkish,Arabic,Yorubu,Somali,Cantonese,Greek,Portuguese, French, Spanish, Italian, Vietnamese and the list is endless (Woodlands Junior Academy, par 1). London is characterized by so many events and celebrations each year. Carnaval del pueblo is a Latin American festival which is usually the largest in UK. It is usually held in August. The other one is City of London festival usually held in June and July and it involves celebration of Music, film, architecture and art. Another one is the London Art fair which is usually held every year in the month of January (First for London, par. 1-3). London boat show is also a major event every January. Others include London Marathon, parade, Lords mayor’s show ,Notting hill Carnival , Rise festival, South West Fest, Spitafields Festival, St. Patrick’s Day, Streatham festival, The Great River Race, and the Mayor’s Thames festival (First for London, par. 4-16). In London, the largest religious group is Christianity according to the census that took place in the year 2001. This group consists of 58. 2% of all the religions in London. The city is characterized by three Anglican churches which are: St. Paul’s and Southward cathedrals and also Westminster Abbey which usually hosts the crowning of the king and queen of England (Barrow, par 1). The population of the Jews is concentrated in the city of about 56 % of all the Jews in Great Britain. 52% of all Hindus in Great Britain are found in London and they have built magnificent places of worship which include temples. 38% of all Great Britain’s Muslims also live in London from Bangladesh and Pakistan. 31 % of Sikhs and 36 % Buddhists that are found in country reside in London (Barrow, par 4-7). In conclusion, the factor that makes the city unique is its marvelous architecture which has a historical background. Not so many cites in the world are rich in history and culture as compared to London. Almost all the monuments and buildings have some history behind them and this makes them to be world treasures. 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